Boletín de Sumarios
(revistas y artículos ~ junio 07)

Journal of Business Ethics – Vol. 73, n. 1 (June 2007, II)

FREDERICK BIRD, JOSEPH SMUCKER : The social responsibilities of international business firms in developing areas (pp. 1-9) [resumen]

THOMAS BESCHORNER, MARTIN MÜLLER : Social standards : toward an active ethical involvement of business in developing countries (pp. 11-20) [resumen]

MARGARET ANN GRIESSE : The geographic, political, and economic context for corporate social responsibility in Brazil (pp. 21-37) [resumen]

MARGARET ANN GRIESSE : Caterpillar's interactions with Piracicaba, Brazil : a community-based analysis of CSR (pp. 39-51) [resumen]

JEAN-BAPTISTE LITRICO : Beyond paternalism : cross-cultural perspectives on the functioning of a Mexican production plant (pp. 53-63) [resumen]

WILLIAM FLANAGAN, GAIL WHITEMAN : "AIDS is not a business" : a study in global corporate responsibility - Securing access to low-cost HIV medicatons (pp. 65-75) [resumen]

FARZAD RAFI KHAN : Representational approaches matter (pp. 77-89) [resumen]

EMEKA NWANKWO, NELSON PHILLIPS, PAUL TRACEY : Social investment through community enterprise : the case of multinational corporations involvement in the development of Nigerian water resources (pp. 91-101) [resumen]

MARGARET ANN GRIESSE : Developing social responsibility : biotechnology and the case of DuPont in Brazil (pp. 103-118) [resumen]

MARGARET ANN GRIESSE : Bridging business and society : the Abrinq Foundation in Brazil (pp. 119-128) [resumen]

Journal of Business Ethics – Vol. 73, n. 2 (June 2007, III)

E. HOLLY BUTTNER, KEVIN B. LOWE, LENORA BILLINGS-HARRIS : Impact of leader racial attitude on ratings of causes and solutions for an employee of color shortage (pp. 129-144) [resumen]

FENG-YANG KUO, CATHY S. LIN, MENG-HSIANG HSU : Assessing gender differences in computer professionals' self-regulatory efficacy concerning information privacy practices (pp. 145-160) [resumen]

NATHANIEL WANDER, RUTH E. MALONE : Keeping public institutions invested in tobacco (pp. 161-176) [resumen]

BENEDICT YOUNG IMBUN : Cannot manage without the "significant other" : mining, corporate social responsibility and local communities in Papua New Guinea (pp. 177-192) [resumen]

DAVID F. CALDWELL, DENNIS MOBERG : An exploratory investigation of the effect of ethical culture in activating moral imagination (pp. 193-204) [resumen]

CATHY DRISCOLL, MARGARET MCKEE : Restoring a culture of ethical and spiritual values : a role for leader storytelling (pp. 205-217) [resumen]

ROSELIE MCDEVITT, CATHERINE GIAPPONI, CHERYL TROMLEY : A model of ethical decision making : the integration of process and content (pp. 219-229) [resumen]

Journal of Business Ethics – Vol. 73, n. 3 (July 2007, I)

HELEN LAM, MARK HARCOURT : A new approach to resolving the right-to-work ethical dilemma (pp. 231-243) [resumen]

JANNE CHUNG, GARY S. MONROE : An exploratory study of counterexplanation as an ethical intervention strategy (pp. 245-261) [resumen]

GREG E. LOVISCKY, LINDA K. TREVIÑO, RICK R. JACOBS : Assessing managers' ethical decision-making : an objective measure of managerial moral judgment (pp. 263-285) [resumen]

MOSES L. PAVA : Spirituality in (and out) of the classroom : a pragmatic approach (pp. 287-299) [resumen]

GI-DU KANG, JEFFREY JAMES : Revisiting the concept of a societal orientation : conceptualization and delineation (pp. 301-318) [resumen]

JACOB M. ROSE : Corporate directors and social responsibility : ethics versus shareholder value (pp. 319-331) [resumen]

The Good Society – Vol. 15, n. 2 (2006)

GEORGE W. HARRIS : Evils less obvious (pp. 1-7) [ref. 200701642]

ANN HARTLE : Cruelty, liberalism, and liberal education (pp. 8-12) [ref. 200701643]

C. FRED ALFORD : Evil be thou my good (pp. 13-16) [ref. 200701644]

MARK BLITZ : Comments on "The roots of evil" (pp. 17-19) [ref. 200701645]

EDWARD FESER : Kekes on religion and evil (pp. 20-24) [ref. 200701646]

BRUCE P. FROHNEN : The fragility of elementary decency : reflections on John Kekes' "The roots of evil" (pp. 25-29) [ref. 200701647]

JOHN KEKES : Reply to critics (pp. 30-34) [ref. 200701648]

STEVEN D. HALES : Why the U.S. is not the best country in the world (pp. 35-40) [ref. 200701649]

ADRIAN TIRTANADI : National deliberative democracy (pp. 41-46) [ref. 200701650]

ADRIAN TIRTANADI : From Machiavellian foundings to republican law (pp. 47-52) [ref. 200701651]

CHARLES E. BUTTERWORTH : On natural right and other unwritten guides to political well-being (pp. 53-55) [ref. 200701652]

ZFWU (Zeitschrift für Wirtschafts- und Unternehmensethik) – Jg. 8, Heft 1 (2007)

VIVIANA A. ZELIZER : Ethics in the economy (pp. 8-23) [resumen]

DIANE VAUGHAN : Organizations, competition, and ethics : remarks on Viviana A. Zelizer's article (pp. 24-28) [ref. 200701664]

LYNN S. PAINE : Putting codes in perspective : remarks on Viviana A. Zelizer's article (pp. 29-32) [ref. 200701665]

LYNN S. PAINE : Kooperation und Moral in der Wirtschaft : Die Sicht der ökonomischen Theorie der kulturellen Evolution und der Weberianischen Wirtschaftssoziologie (pp. 33-51) [resumen]

MATEUSZ STACHURA : Grenzen der Kooperation (pp. 52-56) [ref. 200701707]

THORSTEN FATH UND CÉLINE EHRWEIN : Legitimationsprozesse wirtschaftlichen Handelns : Normativer Wandel im Anschluss an "Der neue Geist des Kapitalismus" (pp. 57-71) [resumen]

FRANK ADLOFF : Der neue Geist des Kapitalismus oder Max Weber "à la française" (pp. 72-77) [ref. 200701709]

JANINA V. CURBACH : Die "Corporate Social Responsibility"-Bewegung : Zur Rolle nichtstaatlicher Akteure in der Konstruktion transnationales gesellschaftlicher Unternehmensverantwortung (pp. 78-88) [ref. 200701710]

ALEXANDER BRINK : Unternehmenskodizes (pp. 89-92) [resumen]

GÜNTER ULRICH : Die Moralisierung der Märkte (pp. 93-96) [resumen]

STEPHAN MÄRKT : Neuere Entwicklungen in der "Social Economics" (pp. 97-101) [resumen]

MARC HÜBSCHER : Mythen, Monstren und die wirklich gute Frage, warum Unternehmen gesellschaftliche Verantwortung übernehmen? (pp. 102-106) [resumen]

THOMAS HAJDUK : Dein Wille geschehe : Deutschlands Unternehmen in der Verantwortung (pp. 107-110) [resumen]

Economía 3 – N. 176 (Junio 2007)
CARMEN PICOT : Responsabilidad social y cooperativas : la apuesta de Consum por la RSE (pp. 12) [texto completo]

Harvard Business Review – Vol. 84, Iss. 12 (Dec. 2006)
MICHAEL E. PORTER, MARK R. KRAMER : Strategy & society : the link between competitive advantage and corporate social responsibility (pp. 78-92) [resumen]

Harvard-Deusto Finanzas y Contabilidad – N. 72 (jul-ag. 2006)
LAURENCE HARRIBEY : Hacia un modelo europeo de responsabilidad social de la empresa (pp. 32-42) [resumen]

Libros de Economía y Empresa – Año II, N. 2 (Primavera 2007)
CARLOS BERZOSA : Muhammad Yunus, un economista Premio Nobel de la Paz 2006 (pp. 53-55) [resumen]

IGNACIO FERRERO MUÑOZ : Milton Friedman (1912-2006), Premio Nobel de Economía 1976 (pp. 64-67) [resumen]

Orientaciones Universitarias – N. 34 (Enero 2003)
AUGUSTO HORTAL ALONSO : La ética profesional en el contexto universitario (pp. 27-51) [ref. 200303139]

Revista de Comunicación – N. 0 (Junio 2007)
JOSÉ MARÍA SANSEGUNDO ENCINAR, JOSÉ MANUEL ROSA DURÁN : El desarrollo de la Comunicación Interna en el contexto actual de la comunicación de intangibles en España [resumen] [texto completo]

Stromata – Año XLII, n. 1-2 (En.- Jun. 2006)
STEFANO ZAMAGNI : La economía como si la persona contara : el papel del principio de gratuidad en la teoría económica (pp. 35-60) [ref. 200701488]

ADELA CORTINA : Del intercambio infinito al reconocimiento compasivo (pp. 71-84) [ref. 200701510]

Temas para el debate – N. 151 (Jun. 2007)
JAVIER RAMOS : Flexiguridad : ¿una respuesta a la precariedad? (pp. 73-74) [resumen]

CAROLINA JIMÉNEZ [ENTREVISTA A ULRICH BECK] : Ulrich Beck: "La Europa que ahora conocemos va a acabar" (pp. 76-78) [ref. 200701546]

RESÚMENES [inicio]

[200701762] MICHAEL E. PORTER, MARK R. KRAMER. Strategy & society : the link between competitive advantage and corporate social responsibility
Governments, activists, and the media have become adept at holding companies to account for the social consequences of their actions. In response, corporate social responsibility has emerged as an inescapable priority for business leaders in every country. Frequently, though, CSR efforts are counterproductive, for two reasons. First, they pit business against society, when in reality the two are interdependent. Second, they pressure companies to think of corporate social responsibility in generic ways instead of in the way most appropriate to their individual strategies. The fact is, the prevailing approaches to CSR are so disconnected from strategy as to obscure many great opportunities for companies to benefit society. What a terrible waste. If corporations were to analyze their opportunities for social responsibility using the same frameworks that guide their core business choices, they would discover, as Whole Foods Market, Toyota, and Volvo have done, that CSR can be much more than a cost, a constraint, or a charitable deed--it can be a potent source of innovation and competitive advantage. In this article, Michael Porter and Mark Kramer propose a fundamentally new way to look at the relationship between business and society that does not treat corporate growth and social welfare as a zero-sum game. They introduce a framework that individual companies can use to identify the social consequences of their actions; to discover opportunities to benefit society and themselves by strengthening the competitive context in which they operate; to determine which CSR initiatives they should address; and to find the most effective ways of doing so. Perceiving social responsibility as an opportunity rather than as damage control or a PR campaign requires dramatically different thinking--a mind-set, the authors warn, that will become increasingly important to competitive success. [ volver ]

[200701668] HELEN LAM, MARK HARCOURT. A new approach to resolving the right-to-work ethical dilemma
Union security has long been an industrial relations controversy. While compulsory unionism supporters say it benefits the working class, right-to-work advocates denounce it as an unethical infringement of individual rights and freedom. Unfortunately, neither side has adequately addressed the shortcomings of their viewpoint, nor the broader worker concerns about effective representation beyond just “unionism”. In this paper, we examine the ethical and practical problems of compulsory (union security) and voluntary (right-to-work) unionism and propose a new resolution, compulsory proportional representation, that has the advantages of: (a) ensuring workers’ freedom to associate or not associate, (b) promoting freedom to contract, (c) allowing free competition in representation in line with anti-trust principles, (d) improving industrial peace and efficiency, (e) enhancing fairness and social justice, and (f) addressing the employer–employee power imbalance. It is superior to either voluntary unionism, which often lead to management unilateralism, or compulsory unionism, where workers are compelled to join unions against their will. Keywords: Compulsory unionism - freedom of association - right- to-work - union security - voluntary unionism - worker representation. [ volver ]

[200701669] JANNE CHUNG, GARY S. MONROE. An exploratory study of counterexplanation as an ethical intervention strategy
The purpose of this exploratory study is to examine the use of an ethical intervention strategy – counterexplanation – on individuals’ ethical decision-making. As opposed to providing reasons to support a decision in the case of explanation, counterexplanation is the provision of reasons that either speak against or provide evidence against a chosen course of action. The number of explanations and/or counterexplanations provided by the participants is expected to have a significant effect on ethical evaluation and intention. The number of explanations is expected to be negatively related to ethical decision-making while the number of counterexplanations is expected to be positively related to ethical decision-making. The experiment, that made use of five ethical vignettes, manipulated four treatment groups – explanation, counterexplanation, explanation/counterexplanation, and counterexplanation/explanation. Participants were randomly assigned to one of the four reatments. They performed the requirements of their treatment before recording their ethical evaluations and intentions. As expected, larger numbers of explanations led to less ethical decision-making and larger numbers of counterexplanations led to more ethical decision-making. However, when both types of explanations are required, the order of counterexplaining before explaining is more desirable as it leads to more ethical decision-making. The study also reports that individuals with high social desirability bias (a tendency to present oneself in a culturally acceptable manner) may generate less counterexplanations. Implications of the findings are explained in the paper. Keywords: explanations - social desirability bias - ethical evaluations - ethical intentions. [ volver ]

[200701670] GREG E. LOVISCKY, LINDA K. TREVIÑO, RICK R. JACOBS. Assessing managers' ethical decision-making : an objective measure of managerial moral judgment
Recent allegations of unethical decision-making by leaders in prominent business organizations have jeopardized the world’s confidence in American business. The purpose of this research was to develop a measure of managerial moral judgment that can be used in future research and managerial assessment. The measure was patterned after the Defining Issues Test, a widely used general measure of moral judgment. With content validity as the goal, we aimed to sample the domain of managerial ethical situations by establishing links to dimensions of managerial performance, as well as to the types of organizational justice issues managers encounter. Proposed scenarios were evaluated for realism by ethics officers and human resource managers. Results indicated that the new measure is reliable and correlates with a number of relevant variables in the hypothesized manner, demonstrating evidence of construct validity. Implications for future research and for human resources management are discussed. Keywords: moral judgment - measurement - ethical decision-making - manager. [ volver ]

[200701671] MOSES L. PAVA. Spirituality in (and out) of the classroom : a pragmatic approach
This paper is divided into two sections. In the first section, I discuss “what is spirituality?” and in the section that follows, I examine some of the implications of my definition to the teaching of spirituality in an undergraduate business ethics course. For the purposes of this paper, spirituality is defined as the planned experience (the inner feeling) of blending integrity and integration through 1 – acceptance (of the past), 2 – commitment (to the future), 3 – reasonable choice, 4 – mindful action, and 5 –continuous dialog (both internal and external). This definition is a work-in-progress and offered mainly as a point of departure rather than a final destination. Keywords: teaching ethics - spirituality. [ volver ]

[200701672] GI- DU KANG, JEFFREY JAMES. Revisiting the concept of a societal orientation : conceptualization and delineation
Marketers have traditionally evaluated products and practices on the basis of whether something could be sold. It is also important to evaluate products and practices from a societal perspective, “Should a product be sold?” The first idea reflects a managerial orientation and what must be done to sell a product; the second idea reflects a societal orientation and the impact of selling a product. In relation to the second idea, the societal marketing concept was introduced in 1972. There has been little advancement in our understanding of a societal orientation since that time. The current study presents a conceptualization of a societal orientation based on a review of literature and qualitative interviews. The construct was conceptualized as “attention to the long-term well-being of individuals and society at large by enhancing positive impacts from and reducing negative effects associated with production and consumption of a product.” Five domains comprising a societal orientation are proposed: physical consequences, psychological well-being, social relationships, economic contribution, and environmental consciousness. Keywords: business ethics - quality of life - social responsibility - societal orientation - societal marketing - corporate citizenship. [ volver ]

[200701673] JACOB M. ROSE. Corporate directors and social responsibility : ethics versus shareholder value
This paper reports on the results of an experiment conducted with experienced corporate directors. The study findings indicate that directors employ prospective rationality cognition, and they sometimes make decisions that emphasize legal defensibility at the expense of personal ethics and social responsibility. Directors recognize the ethical and social implications of their decisions, but they believe that current corporate law requires them to pursue legal courses of action that maximize shareholder value. The results suggest that additional ethics education will have little influence on the decisions of many business leaders because their decisions are driven by corporate law, rather than personal ethics. Keywords: board of director - ethics - social responsibility. [ volver ]

[200701531] E. HOLLY BUTTNER, KEVIN B. LOWE, LENORA BILLINGS-HARRIS. Impact of leader racial attitude on ratings of causes and solutions for an employee of color shortage
Diversity scholars have emphasized the critical role of corporate leaders for ensuring the success of diversity strategic initiatives in organizations. This study reports on business school leaders’ attributions regarding the causes for and solutions to the low representation of U.S. faculty of color in business schools. Results indicatethat leaders with greater awareness of racial issues rated an inhospitable organizational culture as a more important cause and cultural change and recruitment as more important solutions to faculty of color under-representation than did less racially aware respondents. Aware leaders also rated individual minority-group member responsibility for performance a less important solution than did less racially aware respondents. Implications are discussed. Keywords: diversity - employee shortage - leader’s racial attitude - racial awareness - organizational climate. [ volver ]

[200701532] FENG-YANG KUO, CATHY S. LIN, MENG-HSIANG HSU. Assessing gender differences in computer professionals' self-regulatory efficacy concerning information privacy practices
Concerns with improper collection and usage of personal information by businesses or governments have been seen as critical to the success of the emerging electronic commerce. In this regard, computer professionals have the oversight responsibility for information privacy because they have the most extensive knowledge of their organization’s systems and programs, as well as an intimate understanding of the data. Thus, the competence of these professionals in ensuring sound practice of information privacy is of great importance to both researchers and practitioners. This research addresses the question of whether male computer professionals differ from their female counterparts in their self- regulatory efficacy to protect personal information privacy. A total of 103 male and 65 female subjects surveyed in Taiwan responded to a 10-item questionnaire that includes three measures: protection (protecting privacy information), non-distribution (not distributing privacy information to others), and non-acquisition (not acquiring privacy information). The findings show (1) significant gender differences exist in the subjects’ overall self-regulatory efficacy for information privacy, and, in particular, (2) that female subjects in this study exhibited a higher level of self-regulatory efficacy than males for the protection and non- acquisition of personal privacy information. The identification of the factorial structure of the self-regulatory efficacy concerning information privacy may contribute to future research directed to examining the links between privacy efficacy and psychological variables, such as ethical attitude, ethical intention, and self-esteem. Studies can also be extended to investigate how different cultural practices of morality and computer use in men and women may shape the different development patterns of privacy self-efficacy. Understanding the different cultural practices may then shed light on the social sources of privacy competence and the appropriate remedies that can be provided to improve the situation. Keywords: gender - information privacy - self-regulatory efficacy. [ volver ]

[200701533] NATHANIEL WANDER, RUTH E. MALONE. Keeping public institutions invested in tobacco
Increasingly through the 1990s, tobacco control advocates questioned the practice of public institutions investing in tobacco company stocks. The questioning was framed in at least three ways. First, is it ethical to fund public expenditures with profits from a product that causes addiction and disease? Second, is it sound social policy to derive public income from a product that increases healthcare costs and reduces worker productivity? Finally, is it sound fiscal policy to invest in an historically profitable industry facing multiplying legal and regulatory challenges? While the tobacco industry preferred to restrict discussion to the fiscal question, and offered an affirmative answer, its position was weakened by depressed stock prices brought on by actions of the industry as much as by tobacco control activism. As part of a campaign to restore its credibility as an investment vehicle with public fund managers, Philip Morris (PM) commissioned a report from the influential investment managers/advisors Wilshire Associates. However, Wilshire had only recently conducted such a study for the Washington State Investment Board (WSIB), assuring the board that the value tobacco stocks added to an investment portfolio – if any – was too small to be measured. Nonetheless, within a year, Wilshire produced a report for PM which appeared to laud the investment value of tobacco and to dismiss tobacco-excluded investment alternatives. This paper examines how Wilshire produced apparently diametrically opposed reports for clients with different interests. It reveals a pattern of potential conflicts of interest among tobacco companies, financial analysis firms, investment authorities, and institutional fund managers. It demonstrates substantial violations of two generally accepted ethical principles of business consulting: veracity and transparency. Keywords: divestment - ethics - consulting - public health policy - public investments - tobacco industry documents. [ volver ]

[200701534] BENEDICT YOUNG IMBUN. Cannot manage without the "significant other" : mining, corporate social responsibility and local communities in Papua New Guinea
The increasing pressure from different facets of society exerted on multinational companies (MNCs) to become more philanthropic and claim ownership of their impacts is now becoming a standard practice. Although research in corporate social responsibility (CSR) has arguably been recent (see subsequent section), the application of activities taking a voluntary form from MNCs seem to vary reflecting a plethora of factors, particularly one obvious being the backwater local communities of developing countries where most of the natural extraction projects are located. This chapter examines views of two Papua New Guinea (PNG) local communities hosting large-scale mining operations and explains the demands arising from situational relativities, which are becoming too conspicuous for mine developers not to ignore. The research undertaken with several assertions highlights the perceived imperativeness allowing companies to integrate the CSR into the essential management pursuits of running mines in PNG. Keywords: Corporate social responsibility - community relations - indigenous local communities - multinational mining companies. [ volver ]

[200701535] DAVID F. CALDWELL, DENNIS MOBERG. An exploratory investigation of the effect of ethical culture in activating moral imagination
Moral imagination is a process that involves a thorough consideration of the ethical elements of a decision. We sought to explore what might distinguish moral imagination from other ethical approaches within a complex business simulation. Using a three-component model of moral imagination, we sought to discover whether organization cultures with a salient ethics theme activate moral imagination. Finding an effect, we sought an answer to whether some individuals were more prone to being influenced in this way by ethical cultures. We found that employees with strong moral identities are less influenced by such cultures than employees whose sense of self is not defined in moral terms. Keywords: ethical culture - ethical decision-making - moral identity - moral imagination - organization culture. [ volver ]

[200701536] CATHY DRISCOLL, MARGARET MCKEE. Restoring a culture of ethical and spiritual values : a role for leader storytelling
In this paper, we outline some of the connections between the literatures of organizational storytelling, spirituality in the workplace, organizational culture, and authentic leadership. We suggest that leader storytelling that integrates a moral and spiritual component can transform an organizational culture so members of the organization begin to feel connected to a larger community and a higher purpose. We specifically discuss how leader role modeling in authentic storytelling is essential in developing an ethically and spiritually based organizational culture. However, we also acknowledge a potential dark side to leader storytelling. Implications for authentic storytelling research and practice are discussed. Keywords: authenticity - ethical culture - leadership - spirituality - storytelling. [ volver ]

[200701537] ROSELIE MCDEVITT, CATHERINE GIAPPONI, CHERYL TROMLEY. A model of ethical decision making : the integration of process and content
We develop a model of ethical decision making that integrates the decision-making process and the content variables considered by individuals facing ethical dilemmas. The process described in the model is drawn from Janis and Mann’s [1977, Decision Making: A Psychological Analysis of Conflict Choice and Commitment (The Free Press, New York)] work describing the decision process in an environment of conflict, choice and commitment. The model is enhanced by the inclusion of content variables derived from the ethics literature. The resulting integrated model aids in understanding the complexity of the decision process used by individuals facing ethical dilemmas and suggests variable interactions that could be field-tested. A better understanding of the process will help managers develop policies that enhance the likelihood of ethical behavior in their organizations. Keywords: decision making - ethical framework - ethics - process - stress. [ volver ]

[200701521] FREDERICK BIRD, JOSEPH SMUCKER. The social responsibilities of international business firms in developing areas
Three principles must be taken into account in assessing the social responsibilities of international business firms in developing areas. The first is an awareness of the historical and institutional dynamics of local communities. This influences the type and range of responsibilities the firm can be expected to assume; it also reveals the limitations of any universal codes of conduct. The second is the necessity of non-intimidating communication with local constituencies. This requires the firm to temper its power and influence by recognizing and responding to local concerns in the pursuit of its own objectives. The third is the degree to which the firm’s operations safeguard and indeed improve the social and economic assets of local communities. At issue is the question of adequate compensation for the inevitable disruptions that an international business brings to a local community. Beneficial returns must be shared and sustained over the long term in an equitable manner. The nine studies in this special edition illustrate in different ways the importance of these three principles. Keywords: dialog - sustainability - social responsibility - institutional context. [ volver ]

[200701522] THOMAS BESCHORNER, MARTIN MÜLLER. Social standards : toward an active ethical involvement of business in developing countries
As a consequence of the changing conditions of doing business, we can observe the emergence of an increasing number of industrial and company-specific codes of conduct, as well as social and environmental standards. This paper considers these initiatives as being self-regulating governance mechanisms, which are characterized by a process of voluntary adherence on the part of firms to certain mechanisms or principles that seek to promote a “good society.” Two specific internationally established standards are discussed: Social Accountability 8000 (SA 8000) and AccountAbility 1000 (AA 1000). These institutionalized approaches are described and then contrasted in relation to a number of different factors, particularly the degree to which they foster “reflexivity,” in terms of how businesses think about these issues, and “dialog,” in terms of how businesses interact with stakeholders. Such questions are relevant to the ways in which these standards might be introduced and implemented, and which of these institutionalized approaches are the most promising for international businesses in developing countries. Keywords: social standards - social accountability 8000 - accountability 1000 - reflexive modernity - reflexivity - dialog - institutionalization - developing countries. [ volver ]

[200701523] MARGARET ANN GRIESSE. The geographic, political, and economic context for corporate social responsibility in Brazil
This paper provides an overview of corporate social responsibility in Brazil, a country of vast regional and economic differences. Despite abundant natural resources and centers of advanced technology, large numbers of Brazilians live in poverty. Historical factors, which to some extent explain Brazil’s social and economic inequalities – a long period of colonialism, followed by populist reform, repressive military measures, foreign debt, unfair trade agreements, and problems of corruption – have persisted into the current period of democratic reform, marked by economic and political trends toward democratization and corporate social responsibility. This paper considers the civic and business organizations that have been developing strategies to encourage social responsibility and government policies aimed at alleviating poverty. Despite progress, the complexity of the Brazilian context presents challenges for social and economic equality. Keywords: Brazilian history - corporate social responsability - inequalities. [ volver ]

[200701524] MARGARET ANN GRIESSE. Caterpillar's interactions with Piracicaba, Brazil : a community-based analysis of CSR
This study examines how Caterpillar Brasil Limitada, located in the city of Piracicaba, Brazil, expanded its concept of social responsibility over a 30-year period. It first provides a contextual overview of Piracicaba within the agro- industrialized interior region of São Paulo State. It then traces the history of the firm from its initial installation in the city. While Caterpillar maintained a distant relationship with the Piracicaba community for many years, it later realized the importance of becoming involved in city development. The community-based effort led by Caterpillar to elaborate and carry out a sustainable development plan for the city is a notable example of how a firm can encourage civil participation and offer strategic planning know-how to civil-society organizations. Finally, the study analyses some of the problems Caterpillar encountered and stresses the importance of developing open democratic channels and continued civil participation in joint partnerships between business and civil society. Keywords: Caterpillar company - community development - sustainable development - Agenda 21. [ volver ]

[200701525] JEAN-BAPTISTE LITRICO. Beyond paternalism : cross-cultural perspectives on the functioning of a Mexican production plant
Expatriate managers of international businesses in emerging countries often struggle to mobilize their workforces. They sometimes perceive profound cultural differences as a barrier to the progress of their organizations. Some international businesses may adopt a paternalistic attitude toward their employees; but this questionable strategy brings mixed results. Are there ways out of paternalism for international businesses in emerging areas? This paper examines the diverging views held by foreign managers and local personnel of a foreign-owned production plant in Mexico, which managed to mobilize its workforce by building a strong sense of community, allowing a certain form of collective control to replace the paternalistic model, with its bonds of personal allegiance. Contrasting perspectives between Mexican and foreign employees show that intercultural misunderstandings, rather than the peculiarities of the local culture, are the greatest challenge to cooperation. Keywords: international business - Mexico - emerging countries - paternalism - cross-cultural management - maquiladoras - qualitative research. [ volver ]

[200701526] WILLIAM FLANAGAN, GAIL WHITEMAN. "AIDS is not a business" : a study in global corporate responsibility - Securing access to low-cost HIV medicatons
At the end of the 1990s, Brazil was faced with a potentially explosive HIV/AIDS epidemic. Through an innovative and multifaceted campaign, and despite initial resistance from multinational pharmaceutical companies, the government of Brazil was able to negotiate price reductions for HIV medications and develop local production capacity, thereby averting a public health disaster. Using interview data and document analysis, the authors show that the exercise of corporate social responsibility can be viewed in practice as a dynamic negotiation and an interaction between multiple actors. Action undertaken in terms of voluntary CSR alone may be insufficient. This finding highlights the importance of a strong role for national governments and international organizations to pressure companies to perform better. Keywords: Brazil - compulsory licensing - corporate social responsibility - developing countries - HIV/AIDS - multinational pharmaceutical companies - patents - TRIPS - WTO. [ volver ]

[200701527] FARZAD RAFI KHAN. Representational approaches matter
This paper raises the question of how ethical issues arising out of social inequities involving international business in developing countries can be represented, and articulates a conceptual framework that identifies and maps four different approaches to representing or making sense of such issues. A fieldwork-based case study on the child labor issue in Pakistan’s soccer ball industry illustrates the argument that representational practices do matter, and that when representational approaches go awry, they end up savaging the well-being of the poor in the developing world. Keywords: child labor - corporate social responsibility - international business - postcolonial - representation. [ volver ]

[200701528] EMEKA NWANKWO, NELSON PHILLIPS, PAUL TRACEY. Social investment through community enterprise : the case of multinational corporations involvement in the development of Nigerian water resources
This paper examines the different mechanisms used by multinational corporations (MNCs) in Nigeria seeking to make long-term social investments by meeting the critical challenge of improving water provision. Community enterprise – an increasingly common form of social enterprise, which pursues charitable objectives through business activities – may be the most effective mechanism for building local capacity in a sustainable and accountable way. Traditionally, social investments by MNCs have involved either donations to a charity, which then assumes responsibility for delivering social outcomes, or direct management of social investment in-house. These approaches have been criticized, however, for their limited contribution to local capacity building, their focus on short-term outcomes, and the restricted role that they afford to communities. Partnering with community enterprise, provided there is sufficient local capacity to support it, is the most effective mode of governance through which MNCs can manage social investments in developing countries. Keywords: community enterprise - corporate social investment - Nigeria - social enterprise. [ volver ]

[200701529] MARGARET ANN GRIESSE. Developing social responsibility : biotechnology and the case of DuPont in Brazil
The development of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) has caused worldwide debate and has required us to reevaluate theories of social responsibility. This article, first, briefly discusses the progressive stages of social responsibility that scholars have outlined as they examine the history of businesses. Next an overview of the development of the DuPont corporation in the United States is presented, tracing DuPont’s transformation from an explosives and chemicals company into a life-science corporation and demonstrating how outside factors influenced this change. The article then turns to the activities of the DuPont corporation in Brazil, a country with one of the world’s largest agricultural economies – and examines how the debate on GMOs is unfolding within the Brazilian context. It discusses how differing interest groups have taken part in this debate, the limits of their arguments, and the need to develop means for providing open collaborative efforts in evaluating new technologies. Keywords: biotechnology - Brazil - DuPont - social responsibility. [ volver ]

[200701530] MARGARET ANN GRIESSE. Bridging business and society : the Abrinq Foundation in Brazil
This article presents the process of creation and expansion of the Fundação Abrinq pelos Direitos da Criança et do Adolescente (Abrinq Foundation for Rights of Children and Adolescents). Established in 1990 by a group of entrepreneurs from the Brazilian Toy Manufacturers’ Association (ABRINQ), the Fundação Abrinq has been successful at raising the issue of children in Brazilian society by bridging business and several other sectors of society. This article more particularly examines (1) the societal challenges related to the situation of children in Brazil; (2) the creation and development of the Abrinq Foundation; and (3) the achievements of this innovative bridging organization over 15 years. Keywords: children - Brazil - Grajew - social entrepreneurship. [ volver ]

[200701545] JAVIER RAMOS. Flexiguridad : ¿una respuesta a la precariedad?
La "flexiguridad" es una estrategia que busca aumentar los niveles de flexibilidad del mercado de trabajo, y, por otra parte, pretende incrementar la seguridad en las rentas y el empleo de los trabajadores, sobre todo de aquellos con más problemas de integración laboral. Se intenta favorecer una economía competitiva con la que seguir financiando los servicios de bienestar, a la vez que se aprovechan las potencialidades de las políticas sociales para desarrollar y consolidar una economía competitiva basada en el conocimiento. Desde esta perspectiva, la flexibilidad no se considera sinónimo de precariedad, ni la seguridad de ineficiencia. [ volver ]

[200701714] LAURENCE HARRIBEY. Hacia un modelo europeo de responsabilidad social de la empresa
Este artículo desarrolla las conclusiones que arroja el análisis sistemático de textos y medidas comunitarias, y del modo en que los actores contribuyeron o no a la aparición de este concepto dentro de la acción comunitaria, comparándolos con lo que ocurría paralelamente a escala internacional. [ volver ]

[200701684] JOSÉ MARÍA SANSEGUNDO ENCINAR, JOSÉ MANUEL ROSA DURÁN. El desarrollo de la Comunicación Interna en el contexto actual de la comunicación de intangibles en España
La comunicación de los intangibles y su evolución están íntimamente ligadas al valor que se les da a los intangibles dentro de las empresas: Es difícil abordar la comunicación de algo que no se considera estratégico o de valor. Es cierto que el tema de los intangibles es todavía un tema relativamente nuevo para el conjunto de empresas, no para las más grandes, y que hay déficit de sensibilización y metodología, pero también lo es que se empieza a apreciar un avance significativo en la materia. [ volver ]

[200701663] VIVIANA A. ZELIZER. Ethics in the economy
Economic sociologists lack coherent theories concerning how ethical disputes arise within economic life, and what effects their management has on organizational performance. Using formal codes of ethics within firms as its disciplined focus, we can develop a preliminary conceptualization of ethics in organizations, a series of hypotheses about how codes work, and a preliminary sketch of a research program that follows from these principles. [ volver ]

[200701666] LYNN S. PAINE. Kooperation und Moral in der Wirtschaft : Die Sicht der ökonomischen Theorie der kulturellen Evolution und der Weberianischen Wirtschaftssoziologie
The article compares the economic theory of cultural evolution and weberian economic sociology in respect to their explanations of co-operation and moral behaviour in the economy. Their strengths and weaknesses will be elaborated and compared with regard to action theory and the explanation of the emergence of economic order. The article demonstrates that weberian economic sociology includes the economic theory of cultural evolution as one important part and thus weberian economic sociology is able to explain more aspects of co-operation and moral behaviour in the economy. [ volver ]

[200701708] THORSTEN FATH UND CÉLINE EHRWEIN. Legitimationsprozesse wirtschaftlichen Handelns : Normativer Wandel im Anschluss an "Der neue Geist des Kapitalismus"
This article explores the structural embeddedness of normativity in economic action. Departing from the model of "Cité" as developed by the French social thinkers Luc Bolstanski and Laurent Thévenot it outines how critique plays a major role in the capitalist process. Focusing on "The New Spirit of Capitalism" by Luc Boltanski and management theorist Ève Chiapello, and the model of normative change they present, the article outlines the way in wich economic practices are constantly put to the test of legitimacy. Boltanski's and Chiapello's analysis of the micro-level displacements taking place in the capitalist process opens up a new way to understand the complex and multi- layered structure of normativity in economic life. Chiapello's reformulation of the notion of ideology is given special consideration. Keywords: critique, normative, ideology, legitimation. [ volver ]

[200701711] ALEXANDER BRINK. Unternehmenskodizes
Rezension zu Till Talaulicar (2006): Unternehmenskodizes – Typen und Normierungsstrategien zur Implementatierung einer Unternehmensethik, Wiesbaden: Gabler. [ volver ]

[200701712] GÜNTER ULRICH. Die Moralisierung der Märkte
Rezension zu Nico Stehr, Christoph Henning und Bernd Weiler (2006) (Hrsg.): The Moralization of the Markets, New Brunswick und New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. [ volver ]

[200701713] STEPHAN MÄRKT. Neuere Entwicklungen in der "Social Economics"
Rezension zu Betsy J. Clary, Wilfred Dolfsma und Deborah M. Figart (2006) (Hrsg.): Ethics and the Market. Insights from Social Economics, London und New York: Routledge. [ volver ]

[200701715] MARC HÜBSCHER. Mythen, Monstren und die wirklich gute Frage, warum Unternehmen gesellschaftliche Verantwortung übernehmen?
Rezension zu Stefanie Hiß (2006): Warum übernehmen Unternehmen gesellschaftliche Verantwortung? Ein soziologischer Erklärungwversuch, Frankfurt a. M. / New York: Campus Verlag. [ volver ]

[200701716] THOMAS HAJDUK. Dein Wille geschehe : Deutschlands Unternehmen in der Verantwortung
"Competition and values: where are Germany's companies heading?" was the topic of an essay prize announced by the foundation "Wertevolle Zukunft" for people under 30 years. In the winning essay the notion of a "market" is described in terms of a multiplicity of human interactions. As such, it does not excuse individual and company irresponsibility. The author suggests that German companies should not confine themselves to a passive role in the debate about business ethics. They should rather develop an understanding of being a driving force and take a leading role in the world. Keywords: Wertedebatte, Unternehmensverantwortung, Globalisierung, Wettbewerb [ volver ]

[200701758] CARLOS BERZOSA. Muhammad Yunus, un economista Premio Nobel de la Paz 2006
El reconocimiento universal que Yunus ha recibido con la concesión del Premio Nobel de la Paz ha sido por haber fundado el banco Grameen, en 1983, destinado a la concesión de microcréditos a los pobres, fundamentalmente a las mujeres. Este banco presta más de 700 millones de dólares cada año repartidos en pequeños préstamos, y la geste utiliza este dinero para todo tipo de actividades lucrativas. Entre la multitud de premios y reconocimientos de que ha sido objeto Yunus, está el haber sido investido doctor honoris causa por la Universidad Complutense de Madrid. [ volver ]

[200701759] IGNACIO FERRERO MUÑOZ. Milton Friedman (1912-2006), Premio Nobel de Economía 1976
Pocas personas han recorrido las sendas de la ciencia económica con paso tan firme y seguro, dejando caminos sólidamente establecidos, abriendo nuevos campos a la investigación y establecimiento fructíferos puentes entre la teoría y la práctica, como Milton Friedman. Su afán por el saber no tuvo límite, se fue agrandando conforme iba adentrándose en la ciencia y, gracias a su extraordinaria preparación, sus investigaciones, aunque numerosas, están plagadas de revolucionarios descubrimientos teóricos y de ingeniosas recomendaciones políticas. [ volver ]